ImMIGRATION of cultural elites to developed countries has always been important issues in society of Iran. This research is designed to study the attitude of cultural elites for imMIGRATION to developed countries. The theoretical framework based on “ Pull and Push” theory. This study tries to examine the theory in four aspects including economic, political, social and cultural dimensions of immigrant motivations. The methodology of the research is mixed of quantitative and qualitative methods. The statistical sample covered professors, PH. D and M. A students of universities of Tehran and 405 cases has been chosen as a sample size from universities. In addition, 30 cases are selected for deep interview for qualitative method as well. The finding shows attitude of cultural elites are related to all four aspects of immigrant motivations. The cases evaluated the developed countries for imMIGRATION has been evaluated appropriate and besides their country of origin has been evaluated inappropriate situation. It hints the theory of pull and push as a suitable explanation of immigrant elites. The multiple coefficient certainty explained 23 percent variances of cultural elite attitudes as a dependent variable.

By different factors, as destruction of political position to move, development of communication systems, low cost of translation, inequality of wage level among different countries and demand of labor force, the trend of international MIGRATION is increasing as documents indicate. This study is based on pull-push theory and golbalization investigate the factors of stimuliationg TENDENCY of MIGRATION of 770 youth of Iran, 18-30 co hart in shiraz and Arsanjan. The findings show that TENDENCY of MIGRATION is common as other countries. Only 9 peresent of Iranian youth do not show the TENDENCY to migrate. Men. singels, low incomers high level education, and those ranging in 22-25 age shirazians are more likely to migrate. And among the socio-cultural factors, negative attittude towar socio-cultural, education, economy and politics are more releted to depenent variable. As the findings indicate, in a society as Iran, socio-cultural and educational and enconomic factors have more inffluence on TENDENCY and stimulation of individuals.

MIGRATION as a social phenomenon has occupied the minds of many experts. It’ s one of the main factors that has had a negative effect on development in Iran. The research is to investigate the relationship between social capital and juveniles’ TENDENCY to MIGRATION. Also, other effective variables on TENDENCY to MIGRATION have been studied. This research is a survey. The statistical population is young people between 18 to 35 ages in Tehran. The sample size is 1217 persons that have been chosen by simple random sampling. The findings showed that amongst variables that have been studied, The important variable is social capital with coefficient of determination-0. 188. Those people who have possessed low social capital have had high TENDENCY to MIGRATION. Also, coefficient of determination for other variables including education, age and income has been 0. 151,-0. 186 and 0. 100. So, these variables have had a direct effect on juveniles’ TENDENCY to MIGRATION. Coefficient of determination has been 0. 115 for gender, 0. 133 for marital status and 0. 102 for employment. We have tried to explore how underdevelopment and disregard to human capitals in our country has led to juveniles’ TENDENCY to MIGRATION and how the MIGRATION, in turn, intensifies over-underdevelopment of Iran. Also, the role of western utopianism in juveniles’ mind and its impact on TENDENCY to MIGRATION to west countries has been historically explained.

The purpose of this descriptive correlational study was to investigate the TENDENCY level of youth in rural areas of Kermanshah Township to MIGRATION, and to determine the influencing factors. The statistical population for the study was constituted of the rural boys (15-28 years) of Kermanshah Township (N= 17544). A multistage sample of rural youth was selected (n=291). The findings indicated that 37% of rural youth had a high TENDENCY to migrate to urban areas. Using factor analysis, the reasons for the MIGRATION were reduced to four main factors, namely: economic, infrastructural, cultural, and social. Based on factor analysis, the main methods to reduce the MIGRATION rate (of rural youth) are economic, infrastructural, cultural and social course of actions. Regression analysis revealed that attitude toward agriculture as an occupation, age, educational level, travel to urban areas, inter-personal relations, and family structure is predictors of the TENDENCY toward MIGRATION. It is recommended that any rural development intervention program should be based upon rural youth's TENDENCY towards MIGRATION, and its subsequent influencing factors.

The research is to investigate the relationship between juveniles’ developmental utopianism and their TENDENCY to MIGRATION. The sample was ١ ٢ ١ ٧ respondents among young people in Tehran between ١ ٨ to ٣ ٠ ages. The findings showed that amongst variables that have been studied, developmental utopianism has strongest impact on juveniles’ TENDENCY to MIGRATION. Its coefficient of determination has been ٠ /٤ ٤ ١ . The second important variable is religiosity with coefficient of determination ٠ /١ ٩ ٥ . It has remarkable impact on TENDENCY to MIGRATION, although it has been affected by other variables. Based on data, in line with increase in religiosity, the juveniles’ TENDENCY to MIGRATION has been decreased. The next important variable is social capital with coefficient of determination ٠ /١ ٨ ٨ . Those people who have possessed low social capital have had high TENDENCY to MIGRATION. Also, coefficient of determination for other variables including education, age and income has been ٠ /١ ٥ ١ , ٠ /١ ٨ ٦ and ٠ /١ ٠ ٠ . These coefficients have been ٠ /١ ١ ٥ for gender, ٠ /١ ٣ ٣ for marital status and ٠ /١ ٠ ٢ for employment.

The primary concern of this research is to test the causal relationship between psycho-social factors and tendencies to MIGRATION of faculty members of universities in the city of Tehran. Research is carried out by a survey method through a questionnaire which was conducted on 120 faculty members of Tehran universities. Having gathered the required data, we analyzed them by means of the SPSS package.In this research the theoretical model was based on an eclectic framework.Goodness of fit was tested by advanced statistical techniques such as factorial analysis, multiple regressions and path analysis.The stepwise multiple regression analysis has shown that: Variables such as job satisfaction and interfering factors have shown significant effects upon tendencies to MIGRATION. The total effect coefficient calculated based on multiple regression for these variables is 45 percent (R2= 0.452).

Introduction: The absorption of the overflow of population has been one of the main reasons for establishing new towns and satellite settlements on the periphery of metropolises. A few decades after beginnings of the establishment of these settlements, many residents of new towns look these places as temporary settlement, and if prerequisites of MIGRATION are prepared, they would migrate to metropolis as soon as possible. This paper is analytical and causal research that investigates the factors affecting population MIGRATION in satellite settlements of Isfahan city. For this purpose and at first step, people’s TENDENCY to MIGRATION was examined in studied settlements; for positive cases, the main factors affecting this TENDENCY were questioned; finally these factors were analyzed to determine their portion in this respect. The questionnaire survey was designed to collect needed data, and analysis of data was done by using the method of regression analysis applying SPSS software.Theoretical bases: As previously mentioned the first step of this study devoted to investigate the rate of households’ TENDENCY to MIGRATION. Then, among households with positive TENDENCY, related affecting factors were studied; based on this research these factors are as follows: shortcomings in health and curative services, shortage of leisure time spending spaces and shortage of security. The intrinsic importance of these factors is attributed as follow. World Health Organization recognized health as a state or quality of complete physical, emotional, social, economic, cultural and spiritual well-being (Marotz, 2008). Each of these dimensions points one of the main aspects of human health, yet they have close relationship and reciprocal effects. “Basically four important groups of determinants can be distinguished: life-style, the physical environment, the social environment and endogenous individual attributes, either genetic or acquired during life; The physical and social environments, as well as life-style are regarded as exogenous determinants” (de Hollander and Staatsen, 2003). “Urban ecosystem health is not defined as a standard quantitative measurement, but rather described as what healthy urban ecosystems should or should not contain. This statement reflects the vagueness of urban ecosystem health. Based on the acknowledged need to sustainably integrate reasonable human demands and the ecosystem's ability for renewal, the inclusive factors of a healthy urban ecosystem can be drafted from both the human and ecological dimensions” (Su et al., 2010, 2427). Mental restfulness and psychological health is one of important dimensions of human health that is affected by life environment attributes. In this respect, “A prerequisite for a sustainable urban environment is that it should not pose a threat to current or future users. The reduction of threats to personal health and the natural environment are the objectives commonly associated with the idea of sustainable urban development. However, in a sustainable urban environment it is also essential that the inhabitants should not have cause for fear for their personal safety and the safety of possessions”(Cozens, 2002; Du Plessis, 1999). CPTED (crime prevention through environmental design) is defined by Crowe (2000) as “the proper design and effective use of the built environment which can lead to a reduction in the fear of crime and the incidence of crime, and to an improvement in the quality of life”. It involves the design and management of the physical environment to reduce the opportunities for crime (Cozens, 2002). WHO has sought to place health more centrally on the sustainable development agenda (Schirnding, 2002). Sustainable development cannot be achieved if there is a high prevalence of debilitating illness and poverty, and the health of populations cannot be maintained without healthy environments and intact life-support systems (Schirnding, 2002). Poor health may cause entire families to drop into abject poverty, because of inability to work or the necessity to sell assets in order to pay for treatment (Smith et al., 2009). Regional inequality in health could be a result of inequalities in economic development, public health expenditures, and health care services (Fanga et al., 2010). For some, a commitment to equity in health means that all social groups should have a basic minimum level of well-being and services (Braveman and Tarimo, 2002). Today, investment in health is touted as the route to economic development. Substantially increased fund allocations for health, from both domestic and external aid, are promised to usher in economic growth (John and Abel, 2002). Urban planners have become increasingly interested in how they can help improve human health (Slotterback et al., 2011). It is widely recognized that the spatial planning of human urban activity is affecting quality of life, health and well-being (Barton, 2009). Health and land use planning are historically linked. Modern planning originated in the nineteenth century expressly in order to combat unhealthy conditions. It was recognized then, and still is, that there is an umbilical link between environmental conditions and human health. The environment is seen as one of the key determinants of health, alongside inherited characteristics, lifestyles, and social and economic variables (Barton, 2009).Discussion: The result of study show that 39 percent of households tend to migrate to metropolis. The most important factors affecting on TENDENCY to MIGRATION to metropolis are as follows: shortcomings in health and curative services, shortage of leisure time spending spaces and shortage of security; these factors was named as “Life Health Factors”. For determining the rate of effect of selected factors on TENDENCY to MIGRATION, regression analysis was used; in this way, mentioned three factors were assumed as independent variable and TENDENCY to MIGRATION as dependent variable. Results show that these factors explain 78% of the changes of TENDENCY to MIGRATION. So, it seems that improvement of healthy city indicators in new towns and satellite settlements - whose one of their main goals is absorption of metropolises’ overflow population- emphasizing mentioned three factors can decrease their people’s TENDENCY to MIGRATION to metropolis.Conclusion: The main goals of establishing new towns and satellite settlements in Iran were decentralization, absorption of the overflow of metropolises’ population etc. Achieving this goal depends on making new towns as healthy environments; because these settlements should be alive and responsive enough to be effective in the way of requested aims. The result of this study shows that life health and environmental health are of great importance in this respect; shortcomings in health and curative services, shortage of leisure time spending spaces and shortage of security were main factors effecting population TENDENCY to MIGRATION from new towns and satellite settlements to metropolis or downtown. All of these factors are related to human health dimensions; in fact, the mentioned factors have close link with mental restfulness and psychological health, health services etc. However, if new towns and satellite settlements of metropolises are not healthy environments, they cannot act effective in maintaining absorbed people, and they would be seen as temporary settlements and consequently they would not achieved their predicted goals. So, for preventing or decreasing these MIGRATIONs, improvement of the healthy city indicators and life health factors in periphery settlements is necessary; In fact, the environment of these settlements should have enough attractions to decrease MIGRATION TENDENCY.

Introduction: Capital and security are like two wings of a bird and always have interaction with each other so that capital cannot be understood without security. Because of this, owners of capital have always been strong supporters of security. Therefore, we can say that providing security is one of the main factors of strengthening of weakening of investment absorption in a Society. East Azerbaijan province is one of the most migrant-exporting provinces in Iran to such a scale that immigrant transmission rates of this province have been even more than provinces which have experienced war, such as Ham and Khuzestan provinces. The results of general censuses of population and housing for decades of 60s, 70s and 80s confirm the above claim. In this context, the present paper investigates components of security which influence investors' TENDENCY towards imMIGRATION from East Azerbaijan province.

Abstract This study aims to evaluate the TENDENCY for international MIGRATION among individuals aged 15-29 and to examine the impact of structural and contextual factors on this inclination. Utilizing a structured questionnaire,  the research surveyed a sample of 378 from a statistical population of 20,656 residents in Bushehr aged 15-29. The findings indicate that individuals who are married, male, and belong to large families exhibit a stronger MIGRATION TENDENCY than their counterparts. Results of regression analysis show that 66 percent of the  youth's MIGRATION propensity is attributable to structural and contextual factors.  According to Carling's aspiration/ability model, environment variables such as inequality, hope for the future, and life satisfaction, while the remaining 16% can be explained by other contextual factors and individual characteristics. Overall, structural and environmental factors significantly influence the youth's inclination towards international MIGRATION. IntroductionWhile internal MIGRATION has traditionally attracted more scholarly attention in Iran, international MIGRATION has become increasingly contentious with complex implications in recent years. Iran has witnessed a demographic shift towards a younger population, which, coupled with economic and social challenges, has heightened the importance of understanding this phenomenon.  Recent studies have focused on various aspects of international MIGRATION, particularly among the youth population. Several studies have examined the influence of social, cultural, and political factors on the desire to emigrate from Iran (Ebrahimi, 2002; Javaheri & Serajzadeh, 2005; Moqaddas & Sharafy, 2009). Other studies have focused on globalization and cosmopolitan values (Zokaei, 2006), a sense of national identity and the significance of family and reference groups (Movahed & Niazi, 2008), the identity and role of the family and reference groups (Khajenouri & Shams, 2006), discrimination, economic and welfare conditions (Alaeddini et al., 2005), and the role of social networks (Sadeghi & Seyyed Hosseini, 2018). This study investigates the attitudes of 15–29-year-olds in Bushehr, an industrial city in south of Iran, towards eMIGRATION and identifies key factors influencing these attitudes. Considering Bushehr's favorable employment conditions due to the oil and gas industries, this research examines whether economic factors predominantly drive the youth's MIGRATION propensity or if other elements are also influential. Methods and DataThis study adopts a descriptive-analytical method, using a structured questionnaire for data collection. The statistical population includes 20,656 individuals aged 15-29 residing in Bushehr for at least five years. A sample size of 378 was determined using Cochran’s formula. Cluster sampling was used initially, followed by simple random sampling for final selection. The questionnaire covered demographic questions and concepts such as MIGRATION desire, inequality, belonging, familial relationships, and life satisfaction, based on the study's theoretical and empirical framework. The instrument's validity and reliability were confirmed through prior research and Cronbach’s alpha. FindingsThe findings indicate that individuals who are married, male, and belong to large families have a higher TENDENCY for MIGRATION compared to the general population. Structural and contextual factors account for 66 percent of the MIGRATION propensity among the youth, as shown by  regression analysis. Carling's aspiration/ability model suggests that environmental variables—such as inequality, future prospects, and life satisfaction—explain about 50 percent of the variance in the dependent variable. The remaining 16 percent is attributed to other contextual factors and individual characteristics at the micro level. In sum, structural and environmental elements play a crucial role in shaping the youth's MIGRATION tendencies. Conclusion and DiscussionThe theoretical framework by Carling (2002) and Carling & Schewel (2018) suggests that MIGRATION desires arise from both macroscopic and individual levels. In this study, macro-level environmental variables—such as inequality, hope for the future, and life satisfaction—have a more pronounced and effective role than micro-level variables like family and education. When considering both macro and micro variables, the model can more accurately and comprehensively analyze the TENDENCY towards international MIGRATION than other theoretical models. The results, based on socioeconomic and demographic factors, allow for a more precise model of youth MIGRATION by expanding these factors into broader formats and structures. While this study highlights the prominence of structural factors, other researches indicate that the influence of these variables can vary regionally. To better understand the younger generation's MIGRATION inclination, it is advisable to compare at least two regions or provinces with different economic, social, demographic, and infrastructural conditions in future studies. Furthermore, it is recommended that a multi-level study examine the impact of structural and regional factors more thoroughly, incorporating the macro variables.